Sir Roger Penrose’s cosmological model
Another theoretical possibility with which modern cosmology flirts is the question of whether this universe in which we exist is a universe. I.e.: is it one, the first, or just another in the potentially endless array of generating universes and big bangs [white holes?!] that give birth to them?
The elaboration of this idea (CCC – Conformal cyclic cosmology) comes from the famous mathematician and physicist Roger Penrose, who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2020 for his discovery of the connection of the general theory of relativity with the creation of black holes. What is most striking about Penrose’s theory is that it is probably possible to detect the last in a series of created worlds, one before our own, if the theory turns out to be correct. Penrose further suggests that black holes could be the best candidate for the footprint-bearer of such a cosmic scenario, and this, furthermore, should be visible/noteworthy precisely on the cosmic microwave background (CMB) map, which is the best indicator of the turbolent past of our universe. That’s why we can comfortably call the CMB a map of origin. At least the current one we live in.
If this were to turn out to be certain, it is not impossible to imagine in this scenario an extremely highly developed civilization, a type III civilization on the Kardashev scale of cosmic civilizations, which lived in that universe before the entire system died, collapsed. A so-developed civilization that had at its disposal not billions of years, but hundreds of billions, certainly found ways to, facing its inevitable end, carve some evidence, an artifact, of its existence into the CMB before it disappeared more than 13.8 billion years ago according to our modern calculation of cosmic time. Our aeon.
Or maybe they recorded in their universe a similar message from some even older civilization from the eons before theirs?!
Perhaps this is precisely our destiny in the distant future – to inform the next civilization about our former existence.
The present moment
It is clear that we live our lives in the present, now, while everything else is somewhere out there in the past, or, on the other hand, lies in some future set of circumstances that have yet to manifest. But something as real and tangible as the present that we conceive and read every moment and which is fundamentally imprinted on our existence, in fact it, as such – the present – does not even exist. We register the present only with our consciousness, its outlines, intersections, while the very core of the present is by no means, nor can it be based on the principles of physics, as well as the set of those rules that define the universe itself. Let’s delve even deeper into this problem we will see that even our conscious brains cannot sufficiently comprehend the concept of the present, primarily because our neurons need a certain amount of time to communicate with each other, because no matter how small and insignificant this range between them, from our macro perspective, it certainly exists and this requires a certain amount of time estimated at ∼50m/s. First and foremost, this is our biological problem.
By referring to physics, this fact becomes even more conspicuous because when we perceive a particular object in space we do not see it as it really is at that particular moment, no, but we see it as it was after that certain interval of time required by a light signal about that object, via photons, that is, a light wave, It reaches the centers of our brain.
Therefore:
If we look at the moon, we see it as it was about a second ago.
If we look at Betelgeuse, we see him as he was almost 650 years ago.
Since we expect Betelgeuse to soon reach a supernova state [a type of stellar explosion during which enormous energy is ejected in an extremely short period of time] this may have already happened because of this distance, while we are not able to know or see/register it, due to the distance between us and Betelgeuse.
On the other hand, here we have an open question of the future towards which we are always moving in one particular direction (the arrow of time). Even our universe, under very specific circumstances, allows us to partially accelerate this flow if we move at a high relative speed through time. Or, if they were stationed near a certain, strong center of gravity like, near a black hole. In these places, the passage of time due to enormous gravity has been modified several times, relatively observed. Thus, we can simply physically define the past and the future, while for the present there are no examples of the so-called absolute present that is mathematically computable. Therefore, it remains as an extremely multi-meaning concept that relies mostly on the subjective feeling of the individual who thinks about it, and therefore cannot possibly be authoritative.
Existence within a black hole
One possibility, if we are already sticking to the modern cosmological model of the Big Bang Theory, or the Standard Model, is that our existence, or the becoming of the universe that we are currently inhabiting, is due to the genesis within a black hole that occurred in one of the previous iterations of creation, the maternal universes, from which our current cosmic scenario branched out [according to the aforementioned Penrose CCCmodel]. While it certainly cannot be said with certainty that this approach is entirely valid, it does indeed solve many of the multiple problems of cosmology that are currently almost insurmountable, and which, in turn, stem from the idea of the Big Bang as currently the most well-founded and accepted theory of the origin of the universe.
This approach is largely based on Einstein’s (Albert Einstein) General Relativity, which fundamentally in its narrative connects space and time in – spacetime. And this applies to all levels of existence, up to the most extreme possible conditions, those that prevail on the perimeter, i.e. event horizons of black holes or magnetar, where space-and-time under such characteristic conditions and still unimaginable circumstances can rotate its fundamental positions – and one can take on the characteristics of the other. This question is especially important if we try [and greatly try] to determine exactly where the Big Bang took place in space, because we are very sure of the time coordinates.
When it comes to the standard physical model of the explosion, there are no major problems, because the physics is clear, but this potential explosion of all explosions probably did not initially occur in space, but only in time. If we imagine the universe as a surface expanding like an inflatable balloon, the point at which this expansion begins is inside the balloon, not on its surface, the one on which we are today with our measuring instruments and where we try to locate that one physically non-existent point of the Beginning. In this way, the inside of the balloon represents the past, but not the starting point from the perspective of the balloon, that is, the expanding space. This therefore brings us back to relativity, because: the observer who is outside the black hole sees it physically occupying a certain volume inside the space – thus determining the location of the black hole. But if we try to deal with some point inside a black hole then we are no longer talking about the domain of space, but we have to rely more on a point in time. If, theoretically, within a black hole we were moving towards its spacetime singularity, or its center of gravity, we would then move towards the future.
Therefore, in this example, the concept of relativity is falling apart, and we cannot make any major assumptions or claims because it is an environment that violates all the physical principles of our cosmos. Penrose at this place with his CCC model boldly presents his vision of dilution of the problem by which he states that on the other side of the black hole there must be an antipode, the so-called white hole, and that it is precisely the Big Bang that comes from the black hole of another universe, which thus creates a new evolutionary iteration of the universe with slightly changed parameters of the basic laws of physics. Just like cosmic natural selection where each new universe differs by a few parameters from its parent, maternal universe. The one who gave birth to him through the black-and-white hole relationship.
And so, probably cyclically, endlessly.
The first indications of support for this claim can be seen by observing and analyzing the CMBR, which directly indicates that the early period of our cosmos was extremely homogeneous structure, and this should not be the case.
Multiple worlds
Everyday reality is exactly what makes our world unique to ours. An inalienable part of our experiences and the totality of sensory stimuli that we absorb every moment. But what if every time there is the slightest change in that system, there is automatically the generation of a new iteration of the universe, one that by its branching is no longer part of our former reality, but from that moment begins to exist parallel to the one from which it emerged, but continues with its separate arrow of time onwards? The one that resulted in a turn to the right, instead of to the left where I originally went. It is a kind of splitting of the primary universe where this change initially occurred and caused this change. One example presented in this way perfectly illustrates the theory that plays the existence of these parallel worlds (MWI), where each subsequent one is conditioned by a change in the previous one and this process is constantly repeated and repeated and repeated…
The only difference between them can be only in the position of the atom, that is, the most minimal deviation between the two systems, which is quite enough to regenerate a special scenario that further depends on a series of chain reactions caused by this change, etc.
It is perfectly clear where this is going, into a strange confusion of infinitely many worlds that give birth to even more endless worlds, and thus into endlessness. A general hint of the potential fractal nature of reality, to which sharing is not a hardware problem, but is a basic principle. From this perspective, universes are possible where you are barely distinguishable from your doppelganger, perhaps only at some subatomic level; or it is a difference between you immortalized by drastic differences – life in another city, planet and under drastically different conditions, even though you are simultaneously with the same memories and plans for the future, which you immediately as you read this article, you have.
Perhaps in one of these parallel worlds our human civilization appeared even earlier on the historical scene of planet Earth. Or maybe it developed faster than we did in this deal of cards, which then led to it becoming the empire that now spans the entire galaxy. Or maybe she didn’t even develop at all, because she didn’t take advantage of her opportunity. Or maybe she didn’t get it. Perhaps she did not get this crucial predisposition that at an early stage would separate us from species similar to us that competed for evolutionary supremacy, but we simply drowned in that early stage and to this day we have not even reached the present day. Or at least not in this form… because maybe somewhere else somewhere else it was easier and faster to get it done with/tentacle/paw/claw/blob. Perhaps the intelligence of nature out there somewhere else was more inclined towards us humans. More.
And maybe somewhere in that soup everything was never there…
Where there was no such famous asteroid that cleaned up over 90% of the living world some 65 million years ago (The Chicxulub crater), and the fate of the reptiles was more favorable, placing them on the throne of the rulers of the planet. The throne we currently hold.
Infinite Universes
But if it seems to you that the previous theory of infinitely many worlds is not sufficient to satisfy your mental demands, it is certainly not the only approach that stands by endless copies of your self which theoretically may exist parallel to yourself. So now we have an idea under consideration based on one very precise question that simply reads:
How big is our universe?
Unfortunately, it is immediately clear that this question is one of those to which we will probably never know a concrete answer because physically we cannot reach that far into the past (although wherever we look we certainly only see the past, but the relatively close one, and we are nowhere near the infinity that intrigues us so much].
By the physical parameters of this universe of ours, we are doomed to a kind of bubble of the universe that is astronomically accessible to us and will be so forever. This bubble is known as the observable universe (28.5 Gpc or 93 Gly) and is a piece of space that we can actively observe since light takes some time to travel the distance from its source, the Big Bang, to us, observers from Earth. An aggravating circumstance is also that space is expanding rapidly, which only makes us even more limited in our efforts to reach as far away as possible with our telescopes, but also with other equipment. But it is certainly quite clear that this visible universe is definitely not all that exists somewhere out there, and that these distant and elusive regions of our universe are hidden from us forever. Locked in the eternal darkness of the paradox of ever further distance due to the accelerated cosmic expansion [because space at certain distances from us expands even faster than the speed of light, without violating any physical principle since the laws of physics apply to objects within space, but not to space itself]. That is why the conclusion is that the universe that we cannot observe extends far beyond our bubble in which we are and which we observe, and the evidence for this comes from all sides as time goes on. Therefore, it is not impossible for this invisible universe to extend infinity, to an abyss into which we are not allowed to look.
And if the universe is infinite, it becomes the current premise of multiple worlds, but in a slightly modified way, because: in a universe that is infinite if we traveled in one direction long enough, they would finally at some point definitely come across a very similar set of circumstances and physical manifestations, almost the same compared to where we started on our far-reaching straight line. Journey. This means that after a while we would inevitably come across almost the same planet as the Earth from which we started, although it would not be the original one from which we took off, but her doppelganger. For since this example is an infinite universe, such a system would allow the emergence of very similar patterns of creations, whether it is people, planets or anything else that arises from the building blocks of matter that are all around. This further means that by moving to infinity at some point we would meet our doppelgangers again. To those who also inhabit the earth as small as ours, and yet it is not. This brings us back to the paradoxical game of numbers that allow the creation of almost identical forms, planets filled with almost identical people like us, who are engaged in identical jobs that we do and live almost the same lives surrounded by people we are surrounded by – with slight differences, or without them. For no matter how many individual atoms there are in an infinite universe, it is simply inevitable that an equal building pattern is encountered, only it would be located at different points in infinite space. In everything else, it would make no difference.
In the end, we come to the realization that with this logic there are infinitely many of our identical copies, without even going into any parallel, or other universes, because in this premise we find ourselves in a single but infinite universe – in a universe containing Everything infinitely many times. Everything that is made of atoms in it, because such an endless system would shoot out all possible combinations of unlimited times – a physical manifestation of the closed loop paradox of thinking about infinity. Like a metallic glitch from which we cannot logically dig out, but we ask ourselves increasingly meaningless questions indefinitely.
But since the situation is such that we still don’t know for sure whether the universe can somehow be infinite or finite, the question is how far you have to go for some of the previous crazy examples to actually happen.
That’s why we have to stop with this example.
One universe
Perhaps something even stranger than the idea of multiple worlds, an infinite number of universes, or an infinite one, is, paradoxically, the concept that this universe of ours is one and only. Therefore, from this perspective the multiverse as an idea does not exist, only a uni-verse that by its name directly implies it – that it is the only one, that it has always been and will be so forever. Because if it’s a question of this system being limited by nature, that is finite, then that’s it. That’s all there is. Certainly, this is something that is not sensational in the slightest and something that probably suits the criteria of our mind because it represents an ordinary way of looking at things. At the same time, it is clear that such a universe does not have to be as it is, because the slightest change in one of its key physical parameters would result in a completely different system. The slightest variation in the setting of nature, and the behavior of matter and the laws of physics would radically result in something completely different – one parameter is enough to make sure that the known matter could not be formed, nor does it exist.
Maybe the universe as such wouldn’t be systematically stable to sustain itself. And it’s possible that in those circumstances he would collapse too quickly into himself.
But it’s clear that the universe exists.
Like all the stuff in it.
So – the system is stable.
After all, this one of ours also has this ideal set for the conception and maintenance of carbon-based life (Carboneum, C), on the basis of which is the entire living world on our little blue marble. And even more factors are needed for that same life to meet all the conditions and create and maintain advanced, intelligent-conscious life within the framework of the same system. Us. Finally, the number of factors that it takes for us as such individuals to consciously begin to study the same universe that we are creating and trying to dissect and understand it becomes even more amazing.
But as we can see it is possible.
Plus all of the above must coincide perfectly in time and harmonize with a number of other but no less important factors…
And here’s exactly what happened. That right now you are reading and thinking about all this, from the position of an intelligent and technologically developed civilization that is on the path of increasing complexity.
So – we’re That.
That almost-by-the-way exception to the rule.
The point of this enumeration is that the (in)probability of everything that has to happen is well conceived and on the time scale almost perfectly coincides [at least from our perspective of the final product] in order for us to have the comfort that we have right now to think about all this in peace. And the probability of all this is extremely small, and the idea of a multiverse makes it drastically easier for us to digest this problem mathematically, thus raising this miserable statistical ladder at least a little higher. That is why we can even say that we live in a universe that won the most valuable lottery that ever existed – the lottery of genesis, that origin that occurred under all these listed and more than specific circumstances, which eventually spawned everything that happened afterwards and further developed. For any other universe would not be sufficiently inclined towards all that we now almost enjoy in prosperity. We live in abundance – in a true paradise type of numbers and we better become aware of it because if there is really no multiverse, all these ideas, which we collectively call the anthropic principle, show us that the universe is in a certain way extremely finely tuned for us to appear and reflect on it by measuring its parameters at different levels of existence.
Looking at him.
In a word – a universe that allows our existence, or that manifests itself through us in the most optimal way.
Other dimensions
Our everyday life, i.e. the existence and stability of conditions for our life, may directly depend on the interweaving and influence of other, higher dimensional planes behind the screenvisible and known to us. The only thing that matters to us is that we are constantly moving through our three-dimensional world, but right there, next to it, there is also the dimension of time, which we largely already count as special, and in relation to the three spatial dimensions, and we always move in the same direction through time.
With the deeper development of the fine scientific approach, it became quite clear that in addition to this 3 +1D system there are some other dimensions that are not so easily noticeable, but their outlines are there.
Hence:
• String theory refers to a universe of 10 dimensions.
• M-theory (M-theory) counts as many as 11;
• E8 is trying to get closer to the theory of everything.
At the same time, there are other modern scientific hypotheses that speak of the inevitability of dark matter, just like the type of matter probably present on these other dimensional planes, which only partially, that is, from our perspective, gravitationally interacts with our universe. The universe we see and record instrumentally. Yet what these additional dimensions exactly represent in this vast machinery of reality is still far from any concrete conclusion. Some of the potential answers suggest that the inability to directly detect these extra dimensions is due to, let’s say, too much in a knot, but also that it probably wasn’t so at the very beginning of the universe, in the first atoseconds after the Big Bang when all the fundamental forces, due to incredible energies, were merged into one single Force.. At that time, probably all these additional dimensions were easier to see, if only there was someone, or something, then, that could possibly record and measure their presence. Her work in one. At least until they were wrapped in an unbreakable ball.
Another option is that cosmic wormholes, a kind of tunnel from one point to another in space, are physically possible and viable. These are connections connected through other, hidden dimensions that allow instant movement from point A to point B, without traveling through spatial and temporal coordinates, but through the others, through – the so-called hyperspace. An example of this type of explanation is found in what Albert Einstein called spooky action at a distance, where by measuring the state of one particle we immediately find out the state of the other, no matter how far away they are from each other. Here we clearly sense one such form of hyperdimensional connection of two points in 4D space, through which information moves instantaneously. That is– infinitely faster than the speed of light.
From our perspective, these two points instantly communicate even if they are galaxies away from each other, millions of light-years away, because if they are connected by higher planes, their physical distance means nothing because the spatial relationship of distance is something that only we encounter on the 3+1D plane. That’s why it’s hard to imagine everything else properly… Fortunately, mathematics comes to our aid as the perfect instrument to present such abstract ideas for which we are empirically prevented from presenting.
The fate of the universe
One particularly frightening question about the idea of the multiverse is – anddo these individual universes, in the soup of the multiverse, have their end? Crescendo. And if they have it in some form, then what is the ultimate fate of this universe of ours because it too must be part of that ultimate scenario of each of them?
One fate that is now certain is that our cosmos at some distant moment [order of1500 years] in the future will turn into a kind of garbage of space, that is, a system that will be filled with a bunch of black holes that gradually evaporate into nothingness, with a large number of so-called iron stars (FeII), a type of very compact, But still hypothetical objects… And in time, all this will slowly translate into an eternal nothingness that will reach its culmination with the heat death of the universe (Or Big Chill, Big Freeze). At that moment, there will no longer be enough available energy in the system that could further stimulate the mechanism of entropy, which is certainly behind the entire machinery as its primary parameter.
This is precisely why the process of entropy and the cosmic primary state that it has been striving for since its inception.
And maybe the system is resetting (CCC) in the meantime and thus starting a new cycle of Genesis with the next cyclical Burst, of which nobel laureate Penrose reminds us. However, there are scenarios that also threaten the survival of the cosmos beyond the too distant future we have described above, and the striking future that we write with 1,500 zeros, and another similar scenario comes to mind if we deal with the stability of protons, one of the elementary particles that we consider the building block of our entire reality.
Protons (p, +, N+, 11H+) are extremely stable elementary particles that, due to their nature, are able to exist incomprehensible eons of time. But not forever, though. In fact, much of modern theoretical physics would be in big trouble [in a word: it would be incorrect] if protons could not decay at some point. For this reason, in the end, it does not matter if we are talking about time frames similar to those with 1,500 zeros because even when that time passes, and inevitably will – the collapse of the universe is simply predetermined. Inevitable. But the same end can also happen much-much faster all because we are still not quite sure if our universe currently exists in its truly lowest energy state (H0, The Higgs boson125.25 ± 0.17 GeV/c).
Let’s imagine the following situation:
If they let the ball roll freely down a mountain slope, it would, after a certain time, stop at one point in the first, nearest foothills it encounters with its free fall. Nevertheless, the base, from the perspective of the ball, cannot be guaranteed to be located at the lowest point of that mountain; Therefore, this automatically means that there is still energy potential for the ball to fall further, but that it currently stands still only due to the temporary stability it receives from the valley in which it is currently located. If the ball were to restart for any reason, just enough to start the free fall again towards an even lower point than the previous one, then it would again experience the free-falling energy, which until a moment ago was purely hypothetical, and would continue to fall to the next even lower, but again not guaranteed the lowest point in the valley at the foot of our imaginary-experimental mountain.
The ball has energy potential until it is at its lowest point.
Only then does the potential for her further decline no longer exist.
This is another problem that our universe is facing, because:
We don’t know if it’s at its energy level or not. And that is why there is always a probability that at any time some indefinite event will occur that would disturb this current energy balance that allows our peaceful elementary development of matter, life, consciousness. It is precisely quantum tunneling that could be the ideal candidate for such a turmoil of inconceivable consequences that would result in our universe moving to the next, even lower energy level. Such a thing would be incomprehensibly cataclysmic at almost all levels of existence, whether we are talking about the level of our physical existence, stars and black holes, and at the same time at the quantum level that bases itself for all these subsequent ones. This act of transitioning to an even lower level of false vacuum decay would lead to a kind of wave of destruction within the cosmos that would spread like a balloon of absolute destruction [i.e. return to initial zero] in all directions at the speed of light, and everything it would engulf in its expansion would be thoroughly devastated by returning to new-old factory settings. It’s like a computer reset. Or even more plastic: emptying RAM after shutting it down. Then everything disappears.
Since that wave was spreading at the speed of light, we could not know that something so terrible was approaching us, until the moment when we simply were no more. One quite painless death, but death more fatal than all others. Death itself. A kind of quantum glitch.
What would remain after this wave is another, let go of the universe compared to the one that just existed. A universe with different basic parameters of physics, a different configuration for the development of chemistry and biology, therefore a universe that would no longer support this kind of life and particles that make us and everything around us exist. Like a parallel universe that would become the middle of our own, devouring us into nothingness. A universe that would slowly, from the inside like a tumor, eat away at ours, turning it into some other mutant-universe of reconfigured particles.
Unfathomable
One of our biggest problems, in addition to all those above, is that no matter how hard we try to understand, understand and clarify them as much as possible – there will always be those that we will probably never reach, nor will it occur to us, let alone solve them. Since for now there are no indications of how it is even possible to properly measure the dimensions of the cosmos, we can comfortably, accordingly, calmly understand the concept of the universe in the singular. For despite all the knowledge we have so far, it is not in the least enough to truly understand it, although we, humanly, build a completely opposite picture due to the impossibility of better.
So it is clear from all that is clear that there will always be many more questions that we will never answer than we take comfort in what we know so far.
Here are just a few from the realm of physics that we’ll probably never understand:
Why does time move forward?
The arrow of time always points in only one direction – to the future of the system. For such a thing there is no other reason than entropy, because everyone else, like gravity, can be mathematically described in the reverse direction of action and as such will again act identically only backwards.
The question of dark matter and dark energy
We see the effects of both by observing our universe, the galaxies in it, as well as the constant and rapidexpansion of space, but not the reason why exactly it causes such effects. We see only the consequences, not the cause. Perhaps the furthest: mechanisms of action consequences, which again is not enough. It is quite possible that these are the effects of matter and energy, yes, but also the result of the mysterious fifth fundamental force of the universe. Those whose force-bearing particles we still can’t catch how much energy they pumped into the Hadron Collider at CERN.
Why is there more matter in our universe than antimatter?
How is it that our moon almost perfectly casts a shadow over our planet during an eclipse, and why do we [a developed civilization] live in an ideal time window to observe and explain the current state of affairs because the same explanations would not work if we observed them from the past or the future of our universe?
If we relax a little more, this list can go quite further with questions and doubts that bother us and seek answers.
That is why we will now close this subject with the last mystery, or rather an anomaly that will probably drive us into nightmare dreams:
Axis of Evil
When you look at the CMB map, you see that the structure being observed is, in fact, in a strange way, correlated with planet Earth within the solar system. Is Copernicus coming back to chase us from the grave? It’s very unusual, because we’re looking at the whole [available] universe. There is no way that there is a correlation of the structure with our movement of the earth around the Sun – in the plane of the Earth around the Sun – that is, the ecliptic.
We are truly the center of the universe.
Lawrence Maxwell Krauss
It is a strange phenomenon that hides deeply buried in cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR), in the dust of the cosmos from the beginning of time. The thing is, this radiation that has remained since the Big Bang, and which we can record daily in snow on our TV screens, should be equal wherever you reach for it in the heavens. And she’s mostly… It follows that a similar thing should be applicable to the universe, in whatever direction you look. And so it mostly is…
This is called the Copernican principle, that we do not have a sufficiently ideal place in the universe from which we can relatively empower the remaining space of the cosmos. Also, this position can be wrong because the CMBR still has certain anomalies that we cannot explain quite well. Or at least not to read them correctly by observing the CMBR. For example, half of everything we can see on that map is a fraction of the temperature colder than the other half of what we see and all that directly relative to the plane of our solar system. Which shouldn’t be the case.
One of the main positions on this issue, as we have already said, is that it is probably in the middle of a miscalculation in the observation, i.e. that the data obtained are probably misinterpreted in some places in the analysis. But that was the case until June 2020 when these anomalies were only confirmed, and recorded with completely different, new and specially calibrated devices for this purpose.
In general, the Axis of Evil is an anomaly in the observations of the CMB because it indicates that the axis of our Solar System, and therefore our home planet Earth, is somehow more special, and has greater significance than one would expect. As compared to other closer but also distant systems that have been observed and studied so far. In this case, the CMB signal is used for a direct view of the universe through which it is determined whether our cosmic position, or movement in space, has some special significance in relation to the history of the universe and models of prediction of future events. Publicity for this topic has increased especially after analyzing the observation results of Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) and Cosmic Background Radiation Anisotropy Satellite/Satellite for Measurement of Background Anisotropies – COBRAS/SAMBA) indicating expected but also unexpected anisotropies in the CMB.
In other words, the results are contrary to expectations of the Copernican principle, which states that human beings on planet Earth, or in the solar system, are in no way privileged observers of the universe and that observations from Earth represent a type of average observation of the universe from any other point in space. This contradiction with the Copernican principle is primarily reflected in the anomaly of background radiation that seems to be aligned with the plane of the Solar System, and this is precisely in a striking contradiction to the aforementioned principle, because it indicates that the peculiarity of the system of our Sun. Because of this implication for modern cosmological models, this phenomenon is called by this exotic name – the axis of evil.
Also, when we talk about the Axis of Evil, we cannot help but include in the equation the role of chance, but also the human psyche, i.e. to look at the problem from the psychological perspective of man, the human being, that is, this kind of and close to us the need to strive in everything to find a certain form of (in)regularity. A pattern of deviations from previously established rules. However, data obtained from the Planck Telescope back in 2013 revealed evidence that nevertheless points to anisotropy [from greek anisos (unevenly) and tropos (direction)], i.e. inequality of physical properties of the environment in different directions within the same.
In the end, essentially, we remain with the confirmation that our position in a certain way, and beyond the law of large numbers, is nevertheless special in this universe – at least until we prove otherwise. And however you look at this, it’s just one big unknown at whose door we’re standing.
We examine previous claims for a preferred axis (…) in the cosmic radiation anisotropy, by generalizing the concept of multipole planarity to any shape preference (a concept we define mathematically). Contrary to earlier claims, we find that the amount of power concentrated in planar modes (…) is not inconsistent with isotropy and Gaussianity. The multipoles’ alignment, however, is indeed anomalous, and extends up to ℓ=5 rejecting statistical isotropy with a probability in excess of 99.9%.
There is also an uncanny correlation of azimuthal phases (…). We are unable to blame these effects on foreground contamination or large-scale systematic errors. We show how this reappraisal may be crucial in identifying the theoretical model behind the anomaly.
The axis of evil by Kate Land, Joao Magueijo
For P.U.L.S.E Dražen Pekušić
arsmagine.com/objavljivani-tekstovi/multiverzum/
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